[WIP] Add cmake build scheme

[SteveBronder]

Summary

This adds a cmake build system for Stan Math. The main features are

1. This works with cmakes FetchContent module. So users can call the following to include stan math into their library that also uses cmake

FetchContent_Declare(
  stanmath
  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/stan-dev/math
  GIT_TAG  develop
)

// later for building their executable
target_link_libraries(my_ex stanmath::stanmath)

Importantly, this allows stan and cmdstan etc to do the above which is nice.

2. tests can all be run with ctest. Currently only batched tests by folder are supported but I'll add individual targets for each test in this PR as well.

It seems like this takes much less time to compile per folder. For example the test/unit/math/mix/fun tests all compile into one object file which took about 12 minutes on my machine using 24 cores (and at max about 65 gb of memory)

time make -j24 test_unit_math_mix_fun && ./test_prob_weibull
real	12m34.919s
user	247m45.300s
sys	7m40.696s

The prob tests also work and are broken down by folder

make -j28 test_prob_weibull && ./test_prob_weibull

I'd like to make targets for all of unit and all of prob to put into jenkins.

The expression tests are not setup yet but I'll have them done before this pr is merged.

A few other things that need to be done / checked before merge

• Opencl tests
• mpi tests
• threading tests

Tests

I'm not sure how to test the cmake files but am open to suggestions

Release notes

Replace this text with a short note on what will change if this pull request is merged in which case this will be included in the release notes.

Checklist

• Copyright holder: Steve Bronder

  The copyright holder is typically you or your assignee, such as a university or company. By submitting this pull request, the copyright holder is agreeing to the license the submitted work under the following licenses:
  - Code: BSD 3-clause (https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause)
  - Documentation: CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

• the basic tests are passing

  • unit tests pass (to run, use: ./runTests.py test/unit)
  • header checks pass, (make test-headers)
  • dependencies checks pass, (make test-math-dependencies)
  • docs build, (make doxygen)
  • code passes the built in C++ standards checks (make cpplint)

• the code is written in idiomatic C++ and changes are documented in the doxygen

• the new changes are tested

[SteveBronder]

Sorry closing for now, thought opening up a draft would not turn on the tests

[SteveBronder]

Reopening to test some jenkins things. Still not ready for review

[SteveBronder]

@serban-nicusor-toptal would it be possible to update the cmake version on jenkins to > 3.18?